OSF: https://osf.io/jkpsx In this prospective longitudinal study, we examine the association between infant behavioral inhibition (measured at 14 month), later social anxiety (measured at age 29) and error processing (measured with a social flanker task). The social flanker task, where there is one condition in which participants are observed by a peer, will be performed in a MRI-scanner, allowing us to investigate where in the anterior cingulate cortex activity most or least evident.

OSF: https://osf.io/nq745/ The ability to detect threats in ever-changing environments is of crucial importance to living organisms. Successful threat detection, on the one hand can help escape dangerous encounters and on the other hand avoid unnecessary fear. Differential fear conditioning paradigms have been extensively used to study threat identification, by pairing one stimulus CS+) with an aversive event such as a loud noise or an electric shock (US) signaling threat, while a second stimulus is never paired (CS-) signaling safety. Among other measures, steady-state visual evoked potentials or fields (ssVEP/Fs) have often been used as a method to capture this difference. With ssVEP/Fs the temporal frequency of an externally flickering stimulus can cause frequency locked potentials in EEG/MEG (Regan, 1989). These frequency locked potentials can be tracked and thus allow us to follow the dynamic changes of visuocortical processing due to learning (Wieser et al., 2016). The amplitude of ssVEP/Fs is modulated not only by low order physical characteristics such as colour and shape but also by cognitive processes such as selective attention (McTeague et al., 2015). The great temporal resolution of EEG/MEG as well as the excellent signal-to-noise ratio constitute ssVEP/Fs a promising method for capturing early cortical bias formation such as the difference between a threat and safety signals. Effect sizes for other widely used methods that measure conditioned responses, such as Heart Rate and Skin Conductance Response, have already been suggested (Ojala & Bach, 2020). Although ssVEPs have been used to capture this difference in differential conditioning paradigms for more than a decade, there is no meta-analytic evidence for its success. Therefore, with this study we plan to aggregate evidence from studies using ssVEP/Fs in differential fear conditioning paradigms and explore whether their use is justified.

Clinical support tools such as the Outcome Questionnaire Assessment for Signal Clients (OQASC) can help therapists identify reasons for a client´s lack of progress during psychotherapy. The OQ-ASC questionnaire assesses four domains that moderate treatment outcomes: therapeutic alliance, social support, motivation, and life events. The utility and usefulness of the OQ-ASC is dependent on its psychometric qualities. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the OQ-ASC. Combining three independent samples of Dutch outpatients, 318 participants were included in the analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable fit for the four factors that were originally proposed for this questionnaire. The internal consistency was good for all scales. The convergent and divergent validity was good for the Therapeutic Alliance, Social Support, and Life Events scales, but was unsatisfactory for the Motivation subscale. The OQASC scales were able to distinguish between clients who were on track and not on track for recovery, except for the Motivation subscale. Overall, the OQ-ASC can be a useful tool to assess reasons for potential stagnations in treatment progress, and as such, can be a valuable addition to routine outcome monitoring measures used in the Netherlands.

Empirical paper (pre-registration upon request). Forced choice response tasks are often used to investigate behavioral and neurophysiological indices of performance monitoring. The modal approach for investigating these indices is to examine interindividual differences in average scores of a single ERP component, and studies that include neurophysiological data rarely use individual-trial ERP data and target specific relationships between behavior and neurophysiology. Therefore, the present study will examine interindividual and intraindividual differences in the trial-by-trial relationship between behavioral measurements (response time, accuracy) and neurophysiology (the stimulus-locked conflict N2 and P3 and the response-locked error-related negativity [ERN] and post-error positivity [Pe] components of the ERP) recorded during a flanker task to determine the trial-by-trial correspondence between behavioral and neurophysiological instantiations of performance monitoring.

OSF: https://osf.io/n9q6g/ During the covid-19 crisis, internalizing problems of adolescents have received a lot of attention, yet research shows that youths themselves and society as a whole also experience an increased burden of externalizing problems (i.e., misbehavior such as drug use and aggression). Therefore, effective policy and interventions to deal with these problems are needed. Currently, policy and intervention programs aimed to influence adolescent externalizing behaviors often fail because they (1) do not honor adolescents’ need for autonomy, status and respect, and (2) do not include adolescents in the design process. To reduce externalizing problem behavior in youth, we want to utilize a co-creation design including several stakeholders. We will invite 20 participants to the co-creation process, divided over four taskforces (see figure): 1) 16-18-year-old adolescents; 2) policy makers; 3) policy executors such as youth workers, teachers, and community officers; and 4) health care professionals such as school psychologists and child psychiatrists. We will adapt the suggestions of Stichting Alexander4, by including the following four steps: inform, create, evaluate and present. ► Inform: First, we organize separate brainstorm sessions with each taskforce in which we share recent scientific insight regarding adolescent’s need for autonomy, status, and respect, inform the taskforce about the project and have an open discussion on important features to reduce externalizing problem behavior. ► Create: The second step is to have a one-day hackathon event where the taskforces unite and work in synergy on solutions to reduce externalizing problem behavior in youth. The hackathon starts with a short overview of all the input given in the separate brainstorm sessions. ► Evaluate: The third step is to evaluate and communicate the co-creation outcomes, i.e., the solutions to reduce externalizing problem behavior. ► Present: The final step will be to present the outcome to the larger scientific community, and society as a whole. This project will provide output on two levels: both the method of cocreation will be evaluated (various taskforces with separate and joined co-create sessions) as well as the focus of the co-creation process (reducing externalizing behavior in youth). We will quantitively and qualitatively measure the experiences of participants with this cocreation design at three time points: before the start of the project, after the information sessions, and after the co-creation hackathon. We can use these experiences to improve our co-creation methods and explore whether adolescent’s trust in policy makers, policy executors and researchers increases as a result of co-creation.